The Science of Instruction
"Every class, assignment, memory, and experience shapes the brain," Dr. Judy Willis (2020)
Science of Instruction
Resources: Learning, Instruction & Assessment
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University of Arizona: The Learning to Learn Series
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University of Arizona: Effective Strategies
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Deans for Impact (2015). The Science of Learning. Austin, TX: Deans for Impact.
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Retrieval.org: Unleash the Science of Learning
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Barbara Oakley: Teaching & Learning
Interleaving
Articles
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Rohrer, D., Dedrick, R.F., Hartwig, M.K., & Cheung, C.N. (2020). A randomized controlled trial of interleaved mathematics practice. Journal of Educational Psychology, 112(1), 40-52. doi:10.1037/edu0000367.
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Rohrer, D. (2012). Interleaving helps students distinguish among similar concepts. Educational Psychology Review, 24, 355-367.
Videos
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Smith, M., & Weinstein, Y. [The Learning Scientists]. (2016, September 25). Study strategies: Interleaving. [YouTube].
Feedback
Articles
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Butler, A.C., Godbole, N., & Marsh, E.J. (2013). Explanation feedback is better than correct answer feedback for promoting transfer of learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(2), 290-298. doi:10.1037/a0031026.
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Webb, H. (2016). What does effective student feedback look like? Part I. The Voice for Secondary Education.
Books
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Hattie, J. (2012). Visible Learning for Teachers: Maximizing Impact on Learning. Routledge.
Resources
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The University of Sheffield has great resources on How to Optimize Feedback.
Retrieval Practice
Articles
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Wiklund‐Hörnqvist, C, Stillesjö, S, Andersson, M, Jonsson, B, & Nyberg, L. (2021). Retrieval practice facilitates learning by strengthening processing in both the anterior and posterior hippocampus. Brain Behavior.
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Karpicke, J. D. & Blunt, J.R. (2011). Retrieval practice produces more learning than elaborative studying with concept mapping. Science, 331(6018), 772-775.
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Roediger, H.L. & Butler, A.C. (2011). The critical role of retrieval practice in long-term retention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(1), 20-27.
Resources
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The website RetrievalPractice.org contains excellent resources on retrieval, including this handy guide.
Spaced Practice
Articles
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Kang, S.H. (2016). Spaced Repetition Promotes Efficient and Effective Learning: Policy Implications for Instruction. SAGE, 3(1), 12-19.
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Carpenter, S.K., Cepeda, N.J., Rohrer, D., Kang, S.H.K., & Pashler, H. (2012). Using spacing to enhance diverse forms of learning: Review of recent research and implications for instruction. Educational Psychology Review, 24, 369-378.
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Cepeda, N.J., Pashler, H., & Vul, E., Wixted, J., & Rohrer, D. (2006). Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(3), 354-380.
Reports
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Thalheimer, W. (2006). Spacing learning events over time: What the research says. Work-Learning Research, Inc.
Video
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McGraw-Hill PreK-12. (2019, August 5). Learning science 101: Spaced practice [YouTube].
Arts-Based Pedagogy
Books
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Hardiman, M. (2012). The brain-targeted teaching model for 21st-Century schools. Corwin Press.